In our 42nd episode of I Know Dino, we had the pleasure of speaking with Brad Jost, host of the Jurassic Park Podcast, a show that covers news, sound bites, polls, and more on the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World movies. Follow Jurassic Park Podcast on Twitter @JurassicParkPod.

We also talk about Styracosaurus, a fierce looking dinosaur known for its spikes.

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In this episode, we discuss:

• The dinosaur of the day: Styracosaurus, whose name means “spiked lizard”
• Name comes from the ancient Greek word styrax, the steel spike at the end of a spear
• Lived in the Cretaceous
• Lawrence Lambe named Styracosaurus in 1913
• First fossils found in Alberta, Canada by C.M. Sternberg; Royal Ontario Museum crew revisisted the quarry in 1935 and found most of the skeleton and the missing lower jaws
• One valid species, Styracosaurus albertensis
• Lots of debate over the validity of genera and species.
• Barnum Brown and his team from the American Museum of Natural History in NY found a nearly complete skeleton with a partial skull in 1915, also in Alberta’s Dinosaur Park Formation. At first they thought it was a new species, and they named it Styracosaurus parksi, after William Parks, because of differences in cheekbone, and smaller tail vertebrae and different frill shape, but most of the skull was reconstructed with plaster and now it’s considered another specimen of Styracosaurus albertensis
• Early name of S. parksi was S. borealis
• In 2006, Darren Tanke from the Royal Tyrrell Museum went back to the site where S. parksi was found and collected more bones to test whether it is actually the same species of S. albertensis
• S. ovatus was described by Charles Gilmore in 1930, based on bones found in the Two Medicine Formation in Montana. It’s a partial skeleton, but one pair of its frill spikes converges towards the midline, instead of away as seen in S. albertensis, and the spikes were shorter.
• In 2010 Ryan, Holmes and Russell said S. ovatus was a distinct species, and McDonald and Horner put it in its own genus, Rubeosaurus
• Peter Dodson said in 1996 that Centrosaurus, Styracosaurus and Monoclonius were their own genera and Styracosaurus was more like Centrosaurus than either were like Monoclonius. He also said Monoclonius nasicornis may have been a female Styracosaurus instead, but most other researchers do not accept this
• Other species that used to be Styracosaurus but are in other genera include S. spehnocerus (named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1890 and is now a species of Monoclonius), S. makeli named informally by Stephen and Sylvia Czerkas in 1990, but is now Einiosaurus
• Styracosaurus was about 18 feet (5 m) long, 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, and weighed about 3 tons.
• Lived around tyrannosaurs, ankylosaurs, and Corythosaurus
• Distinct, fierce looking appearance (may be almost as famous as Triceratops)
• Herbivore, with 4-6 horns on its neck frill, a smaller horn on each cheek, and a horn on its nose (up to 2 ft or 60 cm long and 6 in or 15 cm wide); lots of debate over what they used the horns for
• Body was similar to a rhinoceros, with powerful shoulders, short tail
• Had short legs, bulky body, short tail
• May have charged like a rhino for defense
• May have run up to 20 mph or 32 kph, based on leg length and body mass, as well as trackways
• Gregory Paul and Per Christiansen, from the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, said Styracosaurus and other large ceratopsians may have run faster than an elephant, based on some ceratopsian trackways that show it did not walk with a sprawl
• Rear legs were longer than front legs
• Debate over how it stood. Computer models show somewhere in between sprawling and having legs directly under it
• May have stood in a crouched position
• Large skull with large nostril, nose horn, a neck frill with four to six large spikes or horns (the longest one similar in size to the nose horn)
• Six large horns from the upper part of the neck frill, two point up and curve to the sides, other pairs point directly to sides
• One of the most complete Styracosaurus skulls had a bent frill (crushed during fossilization), and made it look like the frill went downward and came our directly behind its skull (first paintings and sketchings portray this, from 1910s)
• Horn is about 19.7 in or 57 cm long in the type specimen, but it’s only a partial horn. Based on horns of other Styracosaurus and Centrosaurus, paleontologists think the horn may have had a rounded point
• Nose horn may have been half the length than previously thought (20 in), and blunt tipped
• Individual Styracosaurus had slightly different looking skulls. they all had the 4 frill spikes and large nasal horn, but some had small hook-like projections and knobs on their frills, similar to Centrosaurus. Some had an extra pair of long frill spikes or horns. Subadults had smaller brow horns than adults
• In one specimen, the base of the smallest frill spike is partially overlapped by the next spike (the frill may have broken at some point and was shortened by 2 in or 6 cm)
• Scientists used to think the frills and horns were used in defense, and holes and damage on skulls are seen as from combat. But a 2006 study found no evidence of this, because there’s no evidence of infection or healing, and instead the damage may have been caused by non-pathological bone resorption or unknown bone diseases
• But a more recent study found that skull lesions in Triceratops and Centrosaurus (very similar to Styracosaurus) were consistent with using horns to fight and frill as a protection, and damages found in the 2006 study were too localized to be caused by bone disease
• Although a ceratopsian, probably fought differently from Triceratops. A team in 2009 compared skulls of Centrosaurus and Triceratops. Scars on Triceratops skulls were consistent with horns locking but rare in Centrosaurus (probably because they and Styracosaurus did not have large horns above its eyes for protection)
• Dr. Andrew Farke, who was part of the study, said maybe they flank-butted instead or didn’t use horns for fighting
• Horns probably not used for defense, since horn and frill shapes often changing in ceratopsian genera, and some became smaller, which wouldn’t protect against tyrannosaurs (if used for protection, would have stabilized as seen in ankylosaurs)
• R.S. Lull suggested that ceratopsians used their frills as anchor points for their jaw muscles; the spikes in Styracosaurus would also have made it look more formidable
• Richard Swann Lull and John McLoughlin both said, independently, the frills were anchors for large jaw muscles (frill buriend in flesh), but most paleontologists think it was for display
• Dodson said in 1996 that the frills were muscle attachments, but did not think they filled in the fenestrae (C.A. Forster found no evidence of large muscle attachments on frill bones)
• Frills may have also regulated body temperature (like large elephant ears)
• Primary function though may have been display, to attract mates. Davitashvili proposed this in 1961. Each species of horned dinosaurs has different adornments, and may have been used for social behavior or for mating (similar to what modern species do)
• May have flushed blood into frills for color displays
• Ceratopsians had underdeveloped horns as hatchlings, and the horn signaled maturity, so horns may have helped them identify their own species (and make it easy for them to court each other)
• Probably ate low growing vegetation, though may have been able to knock down taller plants
• May have eaten palms and cycads or ferns, or may have knocked down angiosperm trees and sheared off leaves
• Jaws had a deep, narrow beak, easy to grasp and pluck (not easy to bite)
• Had cheek teeth arranged as dental batteries and a beak, so could probably slice up plants
• Teeth sliced, but did not grind (like hadrosaurids)
• Had dental batteries, and continually replaced teeth
• Bonebeds show they may have lived in herds
• Bonebed of Styracosaurus found in the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta, and is associated with multiple river deposits. But this may have happened due to animals hanging around a waterhole during a drought (may have been a seasonal, semiarid environment)
• If Styracosaurus clustered together, they could have protected themselves from tyrannosaur attack (not good one on one, horns on one not enough)
• Styracosaurus is in the western moview The Valley of Gwangi in 1969. Gwangi (based on T-rex and Allosaurus) and a horseman takes down an angry Styracosaurus, (dinosaurs were stop-motion)
• There was an action sequence with Styracosaurus in the 1933 King Kong movie but it was cut, but it made it in the sequel Son of Kong, also came out in 1933
• Styracosaurus appears in a few Land Before Times movies, including Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire (called Far Walkers, walked in a herd), also one seen with an Ouranosaurus in the beginning of The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration and The Land Before Time XI: Invasion of the Tinysauruses, as well as some episodes of the TV series
• Styracosaurus is a featured dinosaur in the games Zoo Tycoon: Dinosaur Digs (expansion) and Dino Danger Pack, an expansion for Zoo Tycoon 2
• Styracosaurus was also in Disney’s Dinosaur, as Eema who befriended Aladar (Eema had a pet Ankylosaurus named Uri); the original story had the main protagonist as Styracosaurus
• Styracosaurus is also in the dinosaur ride at Disney’s Animal Kingdom
• Also in 1999 fighting genre game Warpath: Jurassic Park, the 2002 Zoo Tycoon: Dinosaur Digs expansion, the 2006 Zoo Tycoon 2: Dino Danger Pack and the 2003 popular theme park management video game Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis
• http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/time/puppets/styracosaurus.html (Cut out puppet)
• Part of the suborder Marginocephalia
• Also a ceratopsian
• Ceratopsidae are quadrupedal herbivores that lived in the Cretaceous, mostly in North America (some in Asia)
• They have beaks, teeth in the back of their jaw, and horns and frills
• Horns and frills probably used for display
• May have lived in herds
• Predators were tyrannosaurids
• Other ceratopsians include Psittacosaurus, Leptoceratops, Pachyrhinosaurus, Montanoceratops, Chasmosaurus, Centrosaurus, Triceratops, Protoceratops
• Ceratopsians may have originated in Asia during the Jurassic, based on Yinlong, first known Jurassic ceratopsian, and true horned ceratopsians were in the late Cretaceous in North America
• Two subfamilies, Chasmosaurinae and Centrosaurinae that we go into much more detail in in episode 28, but the difference can be summarized as: Chasmosaurinae (long frills and large brow horns) and Centrosaurinae (nasal horners, shorter frills, and spines on the back of frill)
• Styracosaurus is part of the subfamily Centrosaurinae
• Centrosaurinae did not have large horns above eyes, but had large nose horns and short decorative frills
• Other Centrosaurinae include Pachyrhinosaurus, Avaceratops, Einiosaurus, Albertaceratops, and Achelousaurus
• Styracosaurus may have replaced Centrosaurus, based on bonebed deposits that show they lived in the same area, but at different times
• Styracosaurus albertensis may have descended from Centrosaurus and then evolved into Rubeosaurus ovatus (the way the horns were arranged changed slightly over time); but this lineage may not be that simple, since pachyrinosaur-like species have been in the same time and place as Styracosaurus albertensis
• Fun fact: Ankylosaurus has a very low Encephalization Quotient of about 0.5 (like a mouse), which is lower than almost all the other dinosaurs, with the exception of Sauropods around 0.2 (similar to an armadillo)

For those who may prefer reading, see below for the full transcript of our talk with Brad Jost:

SABRINA: Welcome Brad.

BRAD: Hey how’s it going?

SABRINA: Pretty good. Thanks for coming on our show.

BRAD: Yeah no problem, this is gonna be fun.

SABRINA: So can you tell us a little bit about your podcast?

BRAD: Alright well yes, I run the Jurassic Park Podcast, and basically what I try and do is just inform everybody about upcoming news, and we do little discussion segments about the movies and try to, you know, find parallels between the different movies. And you know, we just try to build the discussion basically just off the movies. And every now and then we’ll intertwine discussion about different dinosaurs and things like that, but our main focus is the movies. And with Jurassic World just coming out we’ve had a ton to talk about, so…

SABRINA: Is that what inspired you to create the Jurassic Park Podcast?

BRAD: Just recently yes, I guess you could say that. But I’ve been dying to do this for a while. I actually ran a different podcast about music a while back, and I had all kinds of issues with my computer and my software, and I basically gave that up. And you know just recently I figured it all out again and it was the right time to start up the Jurassic Park Podcast I think. So I went with it.

SABRINA: Definitely. We listened to a few episodes and you’ve got news clips and sound bites, and it’s just beautifully produced.

BRAD: Thanks.

SABRINA: So how do you decide what to cover each week?

BRAD: Well basically I just kinda scour the Internet or you know keep my eye out on Twitter for different followers if they’re going to send me some emails or news, you know, articles or anything like that. So I just kinda keep my eye out and look for any kind of dinosaur news that may pop up, or specifically like casting news for the movies, or you know maybe the director had some sort of comment on an article somewhere. So I just kinda review all that kinda stuff, and just pick and choose and then go ahead and read them on the podcast.

SABRINA: Do you have a favorite movie?

BRAD: Out of those four?

SABRINA: Yeah.

BRAD: Well, it’s gotta be the first one, the first Jurassic Park. I think it’s, it’s like a near-flawless movie. So that’s gotta be my go-to answer.

SABRINA: Year. I think we’re in agreement on that too.

GARRET: Yeah for sure.

BRAD: Yeah. Yeah I don’t know how you could vote against that one. I mean Jurassic World is really great, I love it a lot, I mean and you can find some flaws. I’m sure you can find some in Jurassic Park too, but it’s the nostalgia, and the fact that it’s been around for, you know, over twenty two years now I guess. So it’s definitely my favorite.

SABRINA: Do you have a favorite dinosaur?

BRAD: You know I kinda just go with like, you know the main one that everybody chooses. I just go with the T-rex, and you know it’s just basically based off the movies. I just love the way it’s represented, and you know I could say raptor but you know it’s not like a true real-life raptor so it’s, you know, it would be a movie version of the raptor I guess. But definitely the t-rex for me.

SABRINA: Yeah we talked a lot about the raptor, how it’s not really a Velociraptor in the movies.

BRAD: Yeah they took some liberties definitely, and now it’s just the perceived version of it. I’m okay with it, but you know maybe eventually they’ll go ahead and, you know, throw some feathers on it or something.

GARRET: What did you think about in the third movie they did add some feathers, but then it seemed like in Jurassic World they got rid of them all again.

BRAD: Yeah I don’t know what their choice was, you know. It was the, I believe is the male version of the raptor in that movie, had the little quills or feathers coming out the back. And I thought that was a great choice, I think that design is probably one of the coolest designs out of all of the film raptors. I don’t know why they chose to take them away. With all the uproar about not having feathers on these raptors recently you think they’d make the decision to add them, but I think they kind of dispelled that in the film by saying, you know, these are hybrids and they’re genetically modified, and that they don’t look like this in real life. So I think they kinda took that aspect in the film to kinda get away from those rumors and everything.

GARRET: Yeah.

SABRINA: So I like to ask everybody we talk to: how did you get into dinosaurs?

BRAD: Well, I mean, just growing up as a little boy it’s like one of your go-to things. You have the toys lying around, and then I think I always had books, all kinds of dinosaur books, and there was these like mail-order things where you get like the little pamphlet or something like that, and you unfold it and it had all kinds of dinosaurs inside. And specifically I remember I had like the dinosaur placemat at the table that I loved having. So I think just being a kid you just kinda collect all these things and then all of a sudden you’re a dinosaur fan. And then obviously the movies came out at the right time, and I was just obsessed at that point.

SABRINA: Does your background have anything to do with, you had mentioned you had done a podcast before, but I guess, do you normally work with dinosaur things or…

BRAD: No, no I mean this is the extent of my dinosaur history. I guess I kind of used to know a ton more about dinosaurs, and it kinda waned you know as I sort of grew up. But I think now I’m more certain to get to it again, and discover all new kinds and stuff that I’ve been missing over the last twenty years or so. So it’s great to start finding out about everything again.

SABRINA: Yeah. How did you get into podcasting the first time around?

BRAD: I think, you know, it’s basically like this, you know I’m kind of obsessed with Jurassic Park, I love those movies. So when I did it the previous time I’m still actually obsessed with music, and that’s what I did before is I had a music podcast where I tried to focus on upcoming bands. It didn’t have to be specific to my area, it could have been anybody across the country. So I tried to focus on you know new and upcoming bands that I thought sounded great, and that’s where I started, and actually I had to give that up because everything started to not work anymore. But I think that’s where my start for podcasting came from.

You know I actually listen to a ton, and I listened to them back I think it was 2008 when I first started it, and there was already a few that I was listening to at that point. So I kinda heard those, and I’m like you know I kinda wanna do something like that. So that’s where I got my start at least.

SABRINA: That’s great.

BRAD: Yeah I think podcasting is awesome. You know you can literally find any kind of podcast about anything. You know if you’re a fan of dinosaurs you’ve got yours, you’ve got Jurassic Park, you’ve got anything. And you know you can be a fan of music, comics, TV shows, movies, anything, and there’s definitely a podcast out there for it.

SABRINA: Yep, that’s true. I wonder, I know that there’s some bands that are dedicated to dinosaurs. There’s a band I heard about called Dinosaur Jr. Did you listen to that as part of your music podcast?

BRAD: No probably not back then. I honestly don’t even know if I know what they sound like. Maybe if I heard them again. But I know of the band, I know the name definitely.

GARRET: Yeah they pop up in our Google alerts a lot.

BRAD: Yeah that’s true. I have the same thing and sometimes you find some strange things in your Google alerts when it comes to dinosaurs.

GARRET: Yeah.

BRAD: But I heard that, who is it, Slash I think is a huge dinosaur fan. Yeah. So I’ve heard him actually on a few podcasts, and they sort of talked about dinosaurs and they won’t stop. It’s pretty awesome actually to see a guy that’s been in the music scene for so long, and you only know him for one specific reason, and then all of a sudden you know you find out that he’s a huge dinosaur fan. It’s pretty awesome.

SABRINA: It is. You know we come across all different kinds of people who are into dinosaurs, and it’s been great getting to know them.

BRAD: Yeah, I think it’s something that people don’t like overtly go out and say I love dinosaurs, but once you start talking to them you can find a common interest there definitely.

SABRINA: Oh yeah. So what can listeners expect to hear on Jurassic Park Podcast?

BRAD: Well, like we said before we got some news. So anything related to Jurassic Park and dinosaurs I’ll try to cover that. And then, you know, not every episode but some episodes I’ll try to feature some audio. Whether it’s like a behind-the-scenes clip of any of the movies, or any kind of interview. I just try to play a portion of it, I don’t wanna play the whole thing. And I always link to everything so that everybody can go and view the news stories or watch the videos.

And then I try to do, maybe not every episode as well, but I try to do a little discussion, and it can just relate to anything. And then I like to try to feature stuff from the listeners, because I kinda like it to be like a community podcast, you know. If you listen to it, that’s great, you can be on it as well. You know if you’re a fan of Jurassic Park, you’re more than worthy to come on the podcast and talk about it, or I actually have a phone number so you can call in and leave a message and we’ll play it on the podcast. And we take all kinds of listener emails. Sometimes I take Twitter polls and I try to reach out to everybody on Twitter, Instagram actually, Reddit, and just see what people think about certain things in the movie. Then I try to read off as much as I can in the podcast. And then from there I kind of just wrap it up and end the show.

SABRINA: That’s really great, yeah I’ve seen some of your Twitter polls.

BRAD: Yeah I think those are really fun because you get a ton of involvement, you know. If I post, I did one about the raptors, and basically what we were talking about before is like which is your favorite design? You know because there’s so many variations there. So I kinda like to see what people think out there, and then you know I’ll read their answers on the show and kinda get everybody involved.

SABRINA: Are there any memorable answers to any of the questions you’ve posed that stand out?

BRAD: Yeah there’s this one guy I’m kinda friends with online, and every time I post one of these polls he always references to something about Jeff Goldblum and Malcolm from the movies. And I think it’s pretty funny how he intertwines Jeff Goldblum into every one of the answers even if it doesn’t have anything to do with him. You know it’s just, could be some answer about what’s your favorite scene from the movies, and he’ll say something like, you know anything to do with Jeff Goldblum and his hands. What does that even mean?

So I kinda like those answers, the ridiculous ones sometimes.

SABRINA: Yeah that’s good. How about in the news? Have you come across anything that’s surprising or you found particularly interesting?

BRAD: Yeah pertaining to the films, actually I think I did it on our last episode, episode fifteen. We discussed the kind of the shared universe of the films and how, you know, the characters from the first film and you know all the other films actually, they all live in the same world. And there was a news article recently where Colin Trevorrow, the director of Jurassic World, he said something about their not being a universe. I think he said: we’re not creating Jurassic World universe. And I think people kinda took the quote the wrong way and assumed that they’re not combining all these worlds. Not combining the first movie and the third, and the second, and the fourth all together and making them separate.

And I think that’s kinda wrong. I don’t think that all the people took the quote the right way. So I kind of found that interesting, and I tried to, you know, get to the point and straighten it out for everybody listening and let them know they’re obviously creating a shared universe because of all the references in Jurassic World. You know there’s so many references to the first film, and…

SABRINA: I was just gonna say, yeah…

BRAD: Yeah. It’s like, it’s literally everywhere. So all the articles I’ve found recently that say: Colin said it, they’re not creating a shared universe. They’re all wrong, because these references are clearly in the movie, and I just wanted to point them out for everybody so they knew. So I thought that was a pretty interesting piece of news, and it shouldn’t have been really a piece of news but people took it and went with it, so…

GARRET: So did you play the LEGO Jurassic Park and Jurassic World game at all?

BRAD: I’m ashamed to admit it: I haven’t yet.

GARRET: It’s pretty fun.

SABRINA: They are fun.

BRAD: I know. I keep looking at all kinds of videos and I’ve talked to a few people who’ve played it, and they just say it’s amazing. And I was gonna grab it for Xbox, but I actually just moved and there’s been a lot going on, so I just haven’t gotten a chance to play it yet.

GARRET: Yeah. That’s like the one dinosaur game we’ve actually gotten through. Most of the other ones, because there’s a lot of dinosaur games out there. And a lot of them recently too. There’s…

BRAD: I haven’t seen a ton, I’ll have to check that out.

GARRET: A lot of them are first-person style.

BRAD: Yeah that’s true. You do see a lot of those over time. It’s always about shooting dinosaurs.

GARRET: Well some of them are. These ones though, there’s one called Ark Survival Evolved, and it’s like you can either raise the dinosaurs, or you can try to attack them, and you can like learn how to ride them and stuff like that.

BRAD: Really.

GARRET: It’s super in-depth though, it’s like, you know, I think you have to log into a server. Kind of like Minecraft style.

BRAD: Yeah I was gonna say, kinda sounds like that.

GARRET: Yeah.

BRAD: That sounds pretty interesting, I’d like to get into that. Because it seems like there’s only first person shooters, and I’m like, I don’t care for shooting dinosaurs at all, you know?

GARRET: Yeah we have the same problem. And there’s another one, we were talking about Saurian last…

SABRINA: Oh, yeah we’re actually going to be interviewing the developers of Saurian soon. Have you heard of that game?

BRAD: I haven’t actually.

SABRINA: It’s really cool. It’s gonna be, from what I gathered on the website, these dinosaurs in the Hell Creek Formation, and you play as them in the game. But it’s also kind of, the way they’re programmed, they’ll be able to react the way the paleontologists think they would have behaved anyway. So they’re mashing science with gaming technology. It looks amazing.

BRAD: That’s cool. And you can get that for any of the current systems, or is that a PC game, or…

SABRINA: That I’m not sure. I know they’re an independent developer.

GARRET: I think it’s still pretty early on though.

SABRINA: Yeah they’re in alpha right now.

GARRET: The coolest thing though, bringing it back to Jurassic Park, that Jurassic World LEGO game, I forget if it’s called LEGO Jurassic Park or Jurassic World, but anyway the coolest thing is you can play as dinosaurs in it.

BRAD: Yeah I’ve heard about that. That’s awesome. So that’s a good feature, you like that?

GARRET: Yeah, it’s really fun.

SABRINA: It’s really satisfying to smash things as a T-rex.

BRAD: Oh I can only imagine, that’s gotta be awesome.

GARRET: Yeah and one of them screams so loud, oh it’s a T-rex, it screams so loud and it breaks stuff around it just from like screaming.

BRAD: That’s awesome. You know that brings me back to the, I think it was a SEGA game for Jurassic Park, you know awhile back. You could play as Grant or a raptor I believe. That was really cool, and I liked playing as a raptor. That was awesome.

GARRET: Was that like a side-scrolling Genesis game or something like that?

BRAD: Yeah I think it was. You know, you could only go right, and you know it just took you through a jungle and then it took you, I think there was like a riverboat or something like that was like maybe one of the second levels or something. But that was a pretty cool game, I liked that one a lot.

GARRET: Yeah I totally forgot about that one. It was really hard, that’s what I remember.

BRAD: Yeah, yeah definitely it was.

SABRINA: Have you covered at all any bits about Jurassic World 2? Because I know they already announced the date of when it’s coming out.

BRAD: Yeah we’ve had a lot of speculation episodes about that. It’s kinda hard to do too much, and we don’t wanna overload the listeners with just all speculation. But you know we only have news that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dawes Howard are coming back. That’s about it really. We know Colin Trevorrow is writing it, he’s not directing anymore. He’s going on to bigger things with Star Wars. He’s gonna be kind of busy. But you know that’s all we have so far. So everything we talk about really is just speculation, and we try to talk about where the film left off, and where they could possibly go. And we have a lot of good theories I think. But yeah that’s about it really.

SABRINA: What’s one of your theories, if you don’t mind sharing?

BRAD: Well actually, some of those articles that Colin has discussed, he talked about open-source dinosaurs, and I guess he basically meant that other developers, like InGen, out there can go ahead and engineer their own dinosaurs. So maybe this will take off and you’ll have different companies all around the world creating their own dinosaurs. And maybe it goes wrong and they kind of take over the planet in a way. And then it really becomes Jurassic World.

GARRET: Yeah.

BRAD: Yeah, so you kinda have that aspect to it. We like to throw in this apocalyptic scenario. I kinda like this one a lot, because you know if you consider dinosaurs just roaming the Earth freely, maybe they take over and then the human race kinda, you know, goes away and then things start to get a little apocalyptic. That would be a pretty cool aspect I think, but who knows. I don’t know if they’ll go that way.

GARRET: Yeah the Planet of the Apes style, but we’re Planet of the Dinosaurs.

BRAD: Exactly, that’s one of the reasons why I don’t vote for that theory too much, because Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, which is the most convoluted title in the history of movies, it’s very hard to say, that was essentially what I’m talking about. You know, that what was it, San Francisco was just covered in vines. And that’s exactly the kind of scenario I’m imagining right now, but I think it could work for Jurassic Park, what is it, Jurassic World now.

GARRET: Yeah.

SABRINA: Yeah.

BRAD: I don’t know if they’ll change the title either, you know. I guess they won’t if that’s the route they go, but you know every movie seems to have a little bit different of a title, so…

SABRINA: That’s true. I feel like opening it up in that way makes it its own type of universe the way Star Wars has its own universe, and then you’ve got, I think that would open it up to fan fiction easily and then all these different side stories of the dinosaurs everywhere, obviously everyone’s gonna have their own story.

GARRET: Yeah.

BRAD: Yeah, they really could expand it everywhere. And like you said, there could be story, you know, in United States, or a story in Africa, or then it could go back to the original island or the second island. So there’s all kinds of stories that could develop there, and they could do characters from the first films, and then the new characters. So they could go all kinds of places with that, definitely.

GARRET: They could bring Jeff Goldblum back, he’d have to like give the dinosaurs a virus, fly a spaceship into this…

BRAD: Yeah. Well he’s coming back for Independence Day 2 now I hear, so. Yeah so there’s gonna be a second round of viruses to give out I guess. The first one wasn’t good enough. Literally no explanation as to how that worked in that movie, but somehow it did.

SABRINA: Jeff Goldblum, that’s all you need to know.

BRAD: That’s true, yeah.

SABRINA: So where can listeners find your Jurassic Park Podcast?

BRAD: We are on iTunes mostly, so if you just search for the Jurassic Park Podcast you should be able to find us there. We’re on Twitter, our Twitter handle is @JurassicParkPod, and that’s where we do most of our stuff there. So if you find us on there, you can follow us and you’ll find a lot of our information. We are on Tumblr, Instagram, not Facebook yet so don’t look there. But usually if you just search for Jurassic Park Podcast or Jurassic Park Pod, you should be able to find us. We actually are on Flickr too, so you can look at a lot of pictures and stuff that we put up if you don’t like Instagram I guess. But you can go to Stitcher, or on Stitcher Radio, and Pod-o-matic, that’s where we host the podcasts and I guess that’s one of the main sources as well. And also Soundcloud.

SABRINA: Thank you Brad for being with us today. It’s been great talking to you.

BRAD: Yeah, thank you so much for having me. It’s been awesome.