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The Big Dinosaur Podcast

The Big Dinosaur Podcast

A site about dinosaurs

Episode 381: Iguanodon had a foot long thumb spike

Episode 381 is all about Efraasia, a Late Triassic sauropodomorph that was originally thought to be carnivorous.

We also interview Filippo Bertozzo, a postdoc researcher at the Museum of Natural History in Brussels (RBINS). He studies some of our favorite topics including: paleopathologies, air sacs, and dinosaur behavior. Follow him on Instagram in English or Italian. Or on twitch at dicendinosaur.

Big thanks to all our patrons! Your support means so much to us and keeps us going! If you’re a dinosaur enthusiast, join our growing community on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/iknowdino.

You can listen to our free podcast, with all our episodes, on Apple Podcasts at: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/i-know-dino/id960976813?mt=2

In this episode, we discuss:

News:

  • The latest paper on Torosaurus considers it to be a valid taxon source
  • Researchers have made new recommendations to address decolonizing paleontology source
  • AI will likely soon help analyze CT scans and make paleontological research more efficient source
  • The game Jurassic World Evolution 2 has a new set of dinosaurs from Camp Cretaceous source
  • An international group of volunteers are rushing to archive Ukrainian museum collections and other content at SUCHO.org source

The dinosaur of the day: Efraasia

  • Basal sauropodomorph that lived in the Late Triassic in what is now Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Burrerschen Quarry)
  • Looked like other sauropodomorphs, with a long tail, and claws
  • Medium-sized and lightly built
  • Estimated to be about 20 to 23 ft (6 to 7 m) long
  • At first thought to be small, at around 6.6 to 9.8 ft (2 to 3 m) long, but that was based on juvenile fossils
  • In 2003, Yates estimated adults were 21 ft (6.5 m) long
  • Had a small, pointed, triangular skull
  • Had a somewhat long neck, that was thin
  • Had low neural spines on the tail
  • Had gracile hands and feet
  • May have been bipedal and quadrupedal
  • Had long fingers and thumbs it could use to grasp food
  • Wrist shape may have allowed it to walk on all fours, although not everyone agrees (some think the lower arm couldn’t pronate/rotate in a way to put the hands on the ground, which would mean it could only walk on two legs)
  • Second finger was longer than the third finger
  • Herbivorous
  • Originally thought to be carnivorous
  • Gastroliths found in association with one of the specimens, specifically 14 small smooth pebbles von Huene reported in 1932
  • Type and only species is Efraasia minor
  • Named after Eberhard Fraas, who found the fossils
  • Fossils first found in 1902, when Albert Burrer, a stonemason, was trying to reach some hard white sandstone in a quarry near Pfaffenhofen for building (had to remove about 20 ft or 6 m of softer marl)
  • Lots of fossils were in the marl and underlying soft sandstone
  • When the quarry was closed from 1906 to 1914, Burrer donated the fossils to Eberhard Fraas, a professor at the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart
  • Fossils first thought to be part of three already named dinosaurs: Teratosaurus minor, Sellosaurus fraasi, Paleosaurus diagnosticus
  • Fossils included vertebrae, right hindlimb, and pubic bone
  • Other fossils have been found, including some in large slabs, though not fully prepared
  • Fossils found include an incomplete skull, vertebrae, gastralia, ribs, humerus, pubis, femora, tibia, fibula, astragalus, end of the right pes, and more
  • Friedrich von Huene first described the fossils in 1907 and 1908 as Teratosaurus minor
  • At the time, Teratosaurus was thought to be a theropod (now considered to be a rauisuchian, a group of archosaurs more closely related to crocodilians than to birds and non-avian dinosaurs
  • Species name refers to Teratosaurus minor being smaller than Teratosaurus suevicus (the type species)
  • Von Huene also named Sellosaurus fraasi based on a partial skeleton (Sellosaurus is now a synonym of Plateosaurus); talked about in episode 152
  • In 1912, Fraas reported two partial skeletons that he assigned to Thecodontosaurus diagnosticus; however, his health wasn’t great so he didn’t formally describe them and it was a nomen nudum
  • Von Huene used the species name when he redescribed Fraas’ specimens in 1932, after Fraas died, and called them Paleosaurus (?) diagnosticus (meant to be a provisional name)
  • In 1959, Oskar Kuhn said the name Paleosaurus was already being used, for an archosaur named in 1836, and renamed it to Palaeosauriscus
  • Allen Charig first used the name Palaeosauriscus diagnosticus in 1967, although Cope had named Palaeosauriscus fraserianus in 1878 (lots of classifications, but latest seems to be it’s a phytosaur archosaur, based on a tooth)
  • In 1973, Peter Galton assigned all of Fraas’ specimens to the new genus Efraasia (and named Efraasia)
  • He named it Efraasia diagnostica
  • In 1985, Galton and Bob Bakker suggested Efraasia be a junior synonym to Sellosaurus gracilis
  • In 2003, Adam Yates analyzed fossils from the Late Triassic in what is now Germany, and found Sellosaurus fossils belonged to either Sellosaurus gracilis, which he assigned to be Plateosaurus gracilis, and the rest was Teratosaurus minor, Sellosaurus fraasi, and Palaeosaurus diagnosticus
  • Efraasia was named first
  • The species name was more complicated, since Von Huene had written in 1908 in the same book about Teratosaurus minor and Sellosaurus fraasi
  • Teratosaurus minor appeared on the page first, so Yates chose minor to be the species name, and the full name became Efraasia minor
  • Yates did not consider two other species von Huene had named based on fragmentary fossils: Teratosaurus trossingensis and Thecodontosaurus hermannianus (Galton in 1990 considered them both to be junior synonyms of Efraasia diagnostica)
  • Galton said Efraasia was “an ideal ancestor for the more recent Anchisaurus”, which had some advanced features, like the first metacarpal were broader, and the first ungual was shorter
  • Galton also mentioned a pathology in one of the skeletons (a nearly complete skeleton with an incomplete skull), where the right humerus was shorter compared to the left. Wrote “as the area of fracture is healed and well-finished, the animal must have lived for quite a while after the break”
  • In 2017 Mario Bronzati and Oliver Rauhut described the braincase of Efraasia minor
  • CT scanned the braincase
  • Found that the braincase anatomy of sauropods is a result of modifications in their evolutionary history, though it’s unclear if it’s due to “rapid and drastic morphological change” or because there are a small number of braincases preserved

Fun Fact: The T. rex holotype was moved from AMNH to the Carnegie Museum when the US joined WWII to protect it from potential air raids.

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Episode 371: A New raptor in Europe and a toothless theropod in Brazil

Episode 371 is all about Probactrosaurus, a hadrosauroid that lived in the Late Cretaceous in what is now Inner Mongolia, China.

We also interview David Levering, Camps Director at the Fort Hays State University’s Sternberg Museum of Natural History and creator of the Sternberg Museum of Natural History Online. Check out our video of the virtual museum at https://youtu.be/MCbdT3xOIBM

Big thanks to all our patrons! Your support means so much to us and keeps us going! If you’re a dinosaur enthusiast, join our growing community on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/iknowdino.

You can listen to our free podcast, with all our episodes, on Apple Podcasts at: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/i-know-dino/id960976813?mt=2

In this episode, we discuss:

News:

  • The first toothless ceratosaur from South America, Berthasaura leopoldinae, was found in Brazil source
  • A new Deinonychus-sized raptor, Vectiraptor greeni, was found on the Isle of Wight source
  • Marvel’s Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur animated series has a new trailer source
  • A new photo from Jurassic World: Dominion shows Owen Grady taming a Parasaurolophus in the snow source

The dinosaur of the day: Probactrosaurus

  • Hadrosauroid that lived in the Late Cretaceous in what is now Inner Mongolia, China (Dashuigou Formation)
  • Looks like a typical hadrosaur, with a duckbill and bulky body
  • Medium-sized and gracile
  • Estimated to be 18 ft (5.5 m) long and weigh 1 tonne
  • Herbivorous
  • Had a narrow snout, and elongated jaw
  • Had tooth batteries
  • No crest on the skull
  • Had long, slender arms and hands and a small thumb spike
  • Probably mostly walked on four legs
  • Fossils found in 1959 and 1960 during a Russian-Chinese expedition
  • Holotype is a partial skeleton with a skull
  • Another partial skeleton and fragments were also found
  • Described in 1966 by Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky
  • Type species is Probactrosaurus gobiensis
  • Genus name means “before Bactrosaurus”
  • Genus named refers to the hypothesis that Probactrosaurus was a direct ancestor of Bactrosaurus (scientists don’t think that anymore)
  • Species name refers to the Gobi desert
  • Rozhdestvensky named a second species, Probactrosaurus alashanicus, based on fragments, in 1966 based on the back of a skull
  • Species name refers to the Alxa League (at the western part of Inner Mongolia)
  • In 2002, David Norman revised Probactrosaurus. He said the holotype of Probactrosaurus alashanicus was lost and that it was a synonym of Probactrosaurus gobiensis
  • Lü Junchang named Probactrosaurus mazongshanensis in 1997, based on fossils found in 1992 (a partial skull and skeleton)
  • Species name refers to the Mazong Shan region
  • Later it was formally described and renamed as Gongpoquansaurus
  • Probactrosaurus may be closely related to Siamodon, an iguanodontian found in Thailand, but they have different numbers of tooth positions

Fun Fact: It’s unlikely that dinosaurs had venom, but some of them may have been toxic.

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Episode 340: A new Parasaurolophus-like crested dinosaur

Episode 340 is all about Amygdalodon, the first sauropod ever described in Argentina.

We also interview Nussaïbah Raja-Schoob and Emma Dunne. Together Emma (@emmadnn) and Nussaïbah (@mauritiantales) found a disconnect in where fossils were discovered and where the researchers were from. They were recently interviewed by the New York Times about decolonizing paleontology. Follow their work at paleoscientometrics.github.io

Big thanks to all our patrons! Your support means so much to us and keeps us going! If you’re a dinosaur enthusiast, join our growing community on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/iknowdino.

You can listen to our free podcast, with all our episodes, on Apple Podcasts at: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/i-know-dino/id960976813?mt=2

In this episode, we discuss:

News:

  • A new hadrosaur, Tlatolophus galorum, has a Parasaurolophus-like crest source
  • A man in Spain passed away after getting stuck in a Stegosaurus statue source
  • The company Blue Origin recently sent some dinosaur fossils into space source
  • Eromanga Natural History Museum in Queensland, Australia just opened their new reception and coffee shop source
  • The T. Rex Discovery Centre is open again in Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada source
  • Liberty Science Center has the SUE: The T. rex Experience exhibit in Jersey City, New Jersey source
  • The Austrian Mint has a new glow in the dark coin featuring Deinonychus fighting Xenoceratops source
  • A sauropod sculpture of over 6,000 corks named “Winasaur” was built in North Fork, New York source
  • The mysterious sculptor who has been making dinosaurs out of twigs, twine, and bone in New Jersey has been revealed source
  • A South Carolina man pranked his friend by having strangers leave “dinosaur roars” in his voicemail source

The dinosaur of the day: Amygdalodon

  • Basal sauropod that lived in the Middle Jurassic in what is now Chubut Province, Argentina (Cerro Carnerero Formation)
  • Looks like other sauropods, walks on four legs and had a long neck and long tail
  • Not much known, but one of the few dinosaurs from the Jurassic found in South America, so far
  • Estimated to be 39 ft (12 m) long and weigh more than 5 tonnes
  • Had almond shaped teeth
  • Enamel on teeth had a wrinkled pattern
  • Cabrera described the teeth as very similar to Brontosaurus teeth, but narrower and about 50% larger (though he said Amygdalodon was much smaller than Brontosaurus, so proportionally its teeth were stronger)
  • One of the teeth was found implanted in the alveolus
  • Type species is Amygdalodon patagonicus
  • Genus name means “almond tooth”
  • Fossils found in 1936 (before, no sauropod fossils had been found in Argentina)
  • Holotype includes vertebrae, ribs, four complete teeth, three partial teeth, partial pelvis and shoulder-blade
  • Described by Ángel Cabrera, head of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology at the Museo de La Plata, in 1947
  • Alejandro Piatnitzky had mentioned in 1936 “bones of a saurian of no less than 5-7m long” in deposits in Chubut, and in 1947 Dr. Tómas Suero confirmed the fossils and excavated them
  • Fossils were found “in a bed of sandy tuff and bluish gray clay”
  • Rodolfo Casamiquela redescribed Amygdalodon in 1963 and found that fossils Suero found as well as other fossils previously found by Piatnitzky belonged to Amygdalodon
  • In 2003, Oliver Rauhut revised Amygdalodon and found that the fossils described belonged to at least two individuals, and that some of those fossils may belong to a different species (though they may also show different ages of the same species). Made an anterior dorsal vertebra the lectotype, and said only three vertebrae were definitely Amygdalodon (also the teeth?), and the rest were indeterminate Eusauropod material

Fun Fact: The huge head crests on Parasaurolophus & Tlatolophus are formed by a massively extended premaxilla across the top of their heads.

Sponsors:

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Episode 324: Three new sauropods from around the world

Episode 324 is all about Velafrons, a lambeosaurine hadrosaurid from Mexico with a crest similar to Corythosaurus.

Big thanks to all our patrons! Your support means so much to us and keeps us going! If you’re a dinosaur enthusiast, join our growing community on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/iknowdino.

You can listen to our free podcast, with all our episodes, on Apple Podcasts at: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/i-know-dino/id960976813?mt=2

In this episode, we discuss:

News:

  • A new mamenchisaurid species, Omeisaurus puxiani, was described from China with a nearly complete spine source
  • A small titanosaur, Garrigatitan meridionalis, was described from Southern France source
  • A turiasaur, Narindasaurus thevenini, was named from a 100+ year old find in Madagascar source
  • A four year old found a Triassic dinosaur footprint in Wales source
  • Some are criticizing the move to make Suciasaurus rex the official Washington state dinosaur, but not because it’s an invalid genus source
  • The Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History has a new exhibit, Dinosaurs: Land of Fire and Ice source
  • You can rent a full size skeletal replica of the Mukawa-ryu dinosaur (Kamuysaurus) in Hokkaido source
  • Massachusetts now has an official state dinosaur, Podokesaurus holyokensis source
  • A new dinosaur park builder Dinosaur Park: Primeval Zoo was released on Android source
  • Someone reimagined the trailer for Jurassic Park, and replaced all the dinosaurs with Pee-wee Herman source
  • Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous includes a hint at a new (probably frozen) dinosaur known as “Specimen E750” source

The dinosaur of the day: Velafrons

  • Lambeosaurine hadrosaurid that lived in the Late Cretaceous in what is now Coahuila, Mexico (Cerro del Pueblo Formation)
  • Bulky, probably walked on all fours, kind of looks like Parasaurolophus, but more like Corythosaurus, and instead of having the long tube on its head like Parasaurolophus, had a fan-shaped crest on its head
  • Herbivorous
  • Estimated to be 25 ft (7.6 m), and grow to 30 to 35 ft as an adult (9 to 10.6 m); only a juvenile has been found so far
  • The dentary (lower jaw) was long and slender and slightly downturned
  • Had a bony crest on its forehead
  • Crest probably would have changed as it grew (lambeosaurine skulls and crests change a lot as they grow)
  • Crest not done developing
  • Nose was on top of its skull and the snout extended backward, up its face, to fill in the gap
  • Had a series of passages where air flowed through from the snout, into the crest, and into a hold above its eyes
  • Unclear what the fan-shaped crest was for, but could be to attract mates
  • These complex nasal passages could probably make sounds
  • Seems to have more rapid growth of its nasal than other similarly sized dinosaurs
  • Like most juvenile hadrosaurs, Velafrons has a proportionately large skull, but for its development stage (juvenile/sub-adult) the skull is still pretty large
  • Type and only species is Velafrons coahuilensis
  • Genus name means “sailed forehead”
  • Genus name refers to the sail-like crest on its head (also described as hatchet-like)
  • Species name is in honor of the state of Coahuila, where the dinosaur was found
  • Named in 2007 by Terry Gates and others
  • Fossils first found by Martha Carolina Aguillon
  • Excavated between 1992 and 2001, by field crews from the “Dinamation International Society” (many volunteers)
  • Then in 2002 a joint expedition with Utah Museum of Natural History, Royal Tyrrell, and Museo del Desierto worked to excavate the skull bones
  • Found a partial juvenile skeleton and mostly complete skull
  • Skull and skeleton were disarticulated
  • Took two weeks to dig out the skull (out of 12 feet of rock and soil)
  • Took two years to prepare the skull, and it was prepared by Jerry Golden, a volunteer at the Utah Museum of Natural History
  • Very similar to juvenile Corythosaurus and Hypacrosaurus
  • Even though a juvenile, found distinct enough to be its own genus
  • In 1981 William Morris described ?Lambeosaurus laticaudus (with a question mark in front because it was not definitive, since no complete crest was found), based on a partial skull found in Baja California, in the El Gallo Formation. Gates and others found that Velafrons was still too different from Lambeosaurus laticaudus, now known as Magnapaulia (as of 2012)
  • One of the first dinosaurs named from Mexico
  • When it was named, it was the first new North American lambeosaurine named in over 70 years
  • At the time Velafrons lived, there was a warm, shallow sea from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, and Velafrons lived on Laramidia, at the southern tip (what is now Mexico)
  • Lived in a humid estuary, where rivers meet the sea
  • Lots of fossilized snails and marine clams were found in the area, so it lived near the shore
  • Other dinosaurs that lived around the same time and place included large tyrannosaurs, troodontids, ornithomimids, and ceratopsids
  • Lots of large storms, which seem to have lead to many mass deaths (large bonebeds of jumbled hadrosaur and ceratopsian skeletons found in the area)
  • There’s a sculpture form of Velafrons, as Ichiro the Dino, 30 ft skeleton built for Burning Man by Marianela Fuentes, and after went to Washington D.C., and was on an 11th floor roof deck for a while. Had colorful bones inspired by the designs of the Huichol tribe in Mexico
  • Ichiro moved on to the Children’s Discovery Museum in San Jose, CA last February
  • Original Velafrons specimen is permanently housed at the Museo del Desierto in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico

Fun Fact: Protoceratops frills were probably primarily for socio-sexual display and not for combat.

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Episode 269: Two new sauropods

Episode 269 is all about Hypsibema, a massive hadrosauroid and the state dinosaur of Missouri.

Big thanks to all our patrons! Your support means so much to us and keeps us going! If you’re a dinosaur enthusiast, join our growing community on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/iknowdino.

You can listen to our free podcast, with all our episodes, on Apple Podcasts at: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/i-know-dino/id960976813?mt=2

In this episode, we discuss:

News:

  • The new sauropod Itapeuasaurus was found on a beach in northern Brazil source
  • Fushanosaurus was named from northwest China based on a single massive femur source
  • Jardin d’Acclimation in Paris, France was covered in dinosaur projections source
  • Two Canadian boys welcomed their grandma at the airport while all three dressed up as T. rex source
  • Dinosaur World is coming to Cerritos, California on March 8 source

The dinosaur of the day: Hypsibema

  • Hadrosauroid that lived in the Late Cretaceous in what is now North Carolina and Missouri, in the US
  • Herbivorous
  • Estimated to have around 1,000 small teeth
  • Teeth were more serrated than other hadrosaurs, so may have eaten tough vegetation
  • Probably had a beak
  • Two species: Hypsibema crassicauda and Hypsibema missouriensis
  • Hypsibema crassidicauda estimated to be 49 ft (15 m) long
  • Hypsibema missouriensis was slightly smaller than Hypsibema crassicauda
  • Estimated to be 14 tons, though some estimates put it at 17-20 tons
  • Pretty large, could have been good defense against predators
  • Type species: Hypsibema crassicauda
  • Described in 1869 by Edward Cope, found in Sampson County, North Carolina
  • Genus name means “high step”
  • Cope thought it walked on its toes
  • Species name means “with a fat tail”
  • Multiple specimens found, though femur fragments thought to be part of the syntype were later found to come from a tyrannosauroid similar to Dryptosaurus
  • Hypsibema missouriensis fossils first found in 1942, at the Chronister Dinosaur Site, near Glen Allen, Missouri (first dinosaur fossils found in the state, and the only ones found so far)
  • Holotype of Hypsibema crassidicauda found at the King James marl pits in North Carolina (caudal vertebra, humerus, tibia, metatarsal)
  • Probably lived near a large body of water
  • The Chronister family first discovered Hypsibema missouriensis when digging a well (which they didn’t use because there ended up not being enough water)
  • Described in 1945 by Charles Whitney Gilmore and Dan R. Stewart
  • Stewart collected the fossils, and was nicknamed Dinosaur Dan
  • Stewart told the Smithsonian about the find, who paid $50 for the bones (13 vertebrae from the tail). That money was used to buy a cow later. More fossils were later found
  • Originally thought to be a sauropod, because Gilmore thought it was either a hadrosaur or sauropod, and then decided it couldn’t be a hadrosaur because of the chevrons and the “more elongate centra”; then a few decades later excavations started again at the site. Geologist Bruce Stinchcomb purchased the property, and in the late 1980s there were test excavations. Also found fish, turtles, plants, and teeth from a tyrannosauroidea dinosaur, as well as parts of the jaw and dental remains of Hybsiema missouriensis
  • Originally called Neosaurus missouriensis, then renamed later in 1945 by Gilmore and Stewart to Parrosaurus missouriensis because the name Neosaurus was already the name for a synapsid
  • Donald Baird and Jack Horner in 1979 found that Parrosaurus was a species of Hypsibema, named Hypsibema missouriensis
  • Some thought Hypsibema missouriensis was dubious, and at least one scientist thinks Parrosaurus is a valid genus, and separate from Hypsibema (based on newer discoveries at the site where the holotype was found)
  • Missouri state soil is not great for preserving fossils. Guy Darrough, a paleontologist from St. Louis siad it was “pretty much a miracle” that dinosaurs have been found there
  • Hypsibema missouriensis is the official state dinosaur of Missouri, as of 2004
  • Missouri was the 6th state in the US to have an official dinosaur (almost unanimous approval)
  • Some Hypsibema missouriensis fossils are housed at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C.
  • Can see a full sized model of the dinosaur at the Bollinger County Museum of Natural History in Missouri (the museum says having the official state dinosaur has tripled the number of visitors)

Fun Fact: There are about 22 titanosauriform sauropods that have been found in China to date. But only 3 have a Chinese name that matches the official Latinized name.

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